Risk factors associated with the development of pressure ulcers in adult intensive care units
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.59282/reincisol.V3(6)2190-2212Keywords:
Pressure ulcer; Intensive care unit; Risk factors; Quality of care.Abstract
Pressure ulcers are lesions of the skin and underlying tissues that originate from an ischemic process, produced by prolonged pressure exerted by an external object on a bony prominence, causing ulceration and necrosis of the involved tissue. The risk of this type of injury is likely to be higher in intensive care patients. The objective of the research is to analyze the risk factors associated with the development of pressure ulcers in adult intensive care units. A systematic review of the literature was carried out in which articles published in the period between 2019 and 2024 were considered and ultimately 21 articles were included. The factors analyzed included patient characteristics, such as mobility, nutritional status, and the presence of comorbidities, as well as aspects of ICU management, such as the frequency of position changes and the quality of skin care. Advanced age, male sex, an ICU stay of at least three days, comorbidities, use of mechanical ventilation and other medical devices were identified as risk factors for developing pressure ulcers. The areas at highest risk for developing pressure ulcers were the sacral region and the heels. Nursing care necessary to prevent the development of these ulcers was also identified, such as keeping the skin clean and dry, avoiding prolonged periods of in-position sleeping, and ensuring the adequacy of pressure-relieving padding and mattresses, skin care packages to prevent pressure ulcers with silicone dressings, protectors, and comprehensive assessments.
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