Imperforate Anus

Abstract

Congenital malformations form a heterogeneous group of morphological, functional or biochemical defects that can manifest in utero, at birth or during the postnatal period. The objective of this review is to delve deeper into the main causes of congenital malformations. It is estimated that 47% of birth defects occur for unknown causes; 25% are genetic and 25% are multifactorial, where chromosomal anomalies, neural tube defects and some maternal diseases are found. The rest of the malformations are caused by teratogens, which are physical agents such as ionizing radiation and high temperatures; biological agents such as some viruses and bacteria; as well as chemical agents among which are some chemicals, medications, drugs and vitamins. Several sources can cause congenital malformations, from the genome of the germ cells, the genome of the product of conception, and the moment in which extrinsic agents can act on the embryo. In some cases, these factors cause problems in the fetus, causing minor defects and in other cases anomalies so serious that they cause fetal resorption, abortion or a very serious malformation; some compatible with survival, but others can lead to death. Knowing these elements in depth is vital to prevent, and thus greatly reduce the risk of congenital malformations. If these causes can be predicted, we will ensure that the pregnancy goes smoothly, culminating in the birth of a healthy child.